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 Leonardo's universal standards include: eyes at the midpoint between the chin and the top of the head. "And from the chin to the nostrils is a third part of the face. And the same from the nostrils to the eyebrows, and from the eyebrows to the start of the hair."
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Consider the head as an oval with a tapered end of the chin.
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A common mistake is to place the eyes to high.
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Facial features only take up about a fourth of the head's area.
Leonardo wsa also interested in the deviance from the universal proportions which he had established. In a series of grotesque heads he drew detailed portraits of people with characteristic features.
The skull consists of twenty plates locked together except for the moveable jawbone.
 This diagram illustrates the narrowing of the jawbone (mandible) in comparison to the rest of the skull.
 This multi-view diagram of the head includes frontal views as well as oblique ones that show the head from increasingly radical perspectives.
 Leonardo's profile of the dissected skull reveals the inner chamber of the cranium.
 Kathe Kollwitz' portrait of the child uses subtle highlights on the forehead to give a sense of the structure below the surface of the skin.
 Picasso drew this portrait of the Impressionist painter Renoir.Much of its power derives from the startling presence of the eyes in their sockets.
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