Itten's Contrast

Seven Methodologies

Johannes Itten pioneered research into the systematic organization of color and its effects. The results of his work were the creation of seven methodologies for the coordination of color using the contrasting properties of hues. The definitions are taken from The Theory of Colors by Johannes Itten.

The pure color (hue) contrast

This results when pure colors are used in random combinations. White and black can further enhance the vivid effect.

The contrast of saturation

This is the contrast between luminous and dull colors. Colors can be subdued by the addition of black, white, gray or complementary colors.

The contrast of light and dark

This is based on the use of different brightnesses and tone values of the colors. All colors can be lightened with white and darkened with black.

The contrast of complements

Complementary colors occupy opposite positions on the color wheel. When they are mixed, the result is a neutral gray-black. When adjacent, complementary colors mutually intensify their luminosity to a maximum.

The contrast of warm and cool

The contrast is formed by the juxtaposition of hues considered 'warm' or 'cool.' This is often the easiest contrast to achieve a perceived 3D effect and is due to the advancing and receding characteristics of most warm colors in relation to cool colors.

The contrast of quantity

This is based on the opposition of colored areas of different sizes.

Simoultaneous contrast

The contrast is formed when the boundaries between colors perceptually vibrate. The reason is that each pure color physiologically demands its opposite color - its compliment. If this color is absent, the eye will produce it simoultaneously. Some interesting illusions are accomplished with this contrast.